Weather Report and Tables/ Graphs

Weather Report

The text is a weather report or weather forecast in spoken  form. A weather report is a prediction of weather.

Weather report usually find in a newspaper, on the radio or television.

The weather is predicted through application of the principles of physics and meteorologi.

Expressions used in a weather report :

ØA high of twenty degrees.

ØA low of -25.

Ø20 percent chance of snow.

ØMainly sunny.

ØSunny with cloudy periods.

Ørecord high/low.

ØAbove/below average temperatures.

ØA few flurries.

Ø5-day forecast.

ØTemperatures are going to drop/dip/plunge (go down quickly).

ØTemperatures are going to rise/soar/climb (go up quickly).

ØA warm/cold front is moving in (air from another region is arriving).

Name Of Wether :

Sunny  

Warm  

Hot

Mild    

Cold  

Freezing

Cloudy    

Foggy  

Smoggy

Rainy  

Wet  

Dry

Windy    

Snow  

Thunder

Mist    

Blizzard  

Fog

Hurricane  

Overcast  

Breeze

Weather report text :

  Hi, I'm Jesse Williams. This is your weekend weather report. This morning we're seeing sun with cloudy periods as well as a few flurries. Right now I am at the top of Mount Raven where it is plus two and expected to rise to about six degrees by noon. Overnight temperatures will probably drop to at least minus seven.

  Tomorrow's forecast calls for more flurries with a high of zero and a low of minus twelve. With the wind chill factor, that could put us at a record low of minus twenty. Conditions are perfect for skiing this weekend, but if you're heading out to the slopes tomorrow, please remember to bundle up to avoid frostbite. We'll go back to the newsroom now for a look at what's in sports.

Table and Graph

Table

Each table present facts and figures in compact form.

When we reading a table, there are several things that we need to pay atention to. They are, the table title, row or column labels, information given in individual cells and information given within rows and columns.

example table :

Graph

Graphs is a visual, concise means of presenting information.

There are three basic kinds of graphs, they are Bar graphs, Line Graphs, and circle graphs or pie graphs.

examples graphs :

So, Too, Either, Neither

So and Too
The word 'so' and 'too' are useed to combine two positive statement with identical predicates to form a compound sentences.
Formula:
so + auxiliary verb + subject
subject + auxiliaey verb + too
Example:
Nadya likes playing chess. Shandy also likes playing chess.
-Nadya likes playing  chess and so does shandy
-Nadya likes playing  chess and shandy does too

either and neither

The word 'either' and 'neither' to combine two negative statements with identicalpredicates to form a compound sentence.
Formula:
Subject +  auxiliaey verb + not + either
neither + auxiliaey verb + subject
Example:
alvian is not doing his homework now. VIta is also not doing her homework.
-Alvian is not doing his homework now and vita is not either
-Alvian is not doing his homework now and neither is vita

Indefinite Pronouns

An indefinite pronoun does not refer to any specific person, thing or amount. It is vague and "not definite". Some typical indefinite pronouns are:

• all, another, any, anybody/anyone, anything, each, everybody/everyone, everything, few, many, nobody, none, one, several, some, somebody/someone

Most indefinite pronouns are either singular or plural. However, some of them can be singular in one context and plural in another. The most common indefinite pronouns are listed below, with examples, as singular, plural or singular/plural.

Notice that a singular pronoun takes a singular verb AND that any personal pronoun should also agree(in number and gender). Look at these examples:

• Each of the players has a doctor.
• I met two girls. One has given me her phone number.

Similarly, plural pronouns need plural agreement:

• Many have expressed their views.

pronoun	meaning	example
singular
another	an additional or different person or thing	That ice-cream was good. Can I haveanother?
anybody/anyone	no matter what person	Can anyone answer this question?
anything	no matter what thing	The doctor needs to know if you have eaten anything in the last two hours.
each	every one of two or more people or things, seen separately	Each has his own thoughts.
either	one or the other of two people or things	Do you want tea or coffee? / I don't mind. Either is good for me.
enough	as much or as many as needed	Enough is enough.
everybody/everyone	all people	We can start the meeting becauseeverybody has arrived.
everything	all things	They have no house or possessions. They lost everything in the earthquake.
less	a smaller amount	"Less is more" (Mies van der Rohe)
little	a small amount	Little is known about his early life.
much	a large amount	Much has happend since we met.
neither	not one and not the other of two people or things	I keep telling Jack and Jill but neitherbelieves me.
nobody/no-one	no person	I phoned many times but nobodyanswered.
nothing	no single thing, not anything	If you don't know the answer it's best to say nothing.
one	an unidentified person	Can one smoke here? | All the students arrived but now one is missing.
other	a different person or thing from one already mentioned	One was tall and the other was short.
somebody/someone	an unspecified or unknown person	Clearly somebody murdered him. It was not suicide.
something	an unspecified or unknown thing	Listen! I just heard something! What could it be?
you	an unidentified person (informal)	And you can see why.
plural
both	two people or things, seen together	John likes coffee but not tea. I thinkboth are good.
few	a small number of people or things	Few have ever disobeyed him and lived.
fewer	a reduced number of people or things	Fewer are smoking these days.
many	a large number of people or things	Many have come already.
others	other people; not us	I'm sure that others have tried before us.
several	more than two but not many	They all complained and several left the meeting.
they	people in general (informal)	They say that vegetables are good for you.
singular or plural
all	the whole quantity of something or of some things or people	All is forgiven. All have arrived.
any	no matter how much or how many	Is any left? Are any coming?
more	a greater quantity of something; a greater number of people or things	There is more over there. More are coming.
most	the majority; nearly all	Most is lost. Most have refused.
none	not any; no person or persons	They fixed the water so why is nonecoming out of the tap? I invited five friends but none have come.*
some	an unspecified quantity of something; an unspecified number of people or things	Here is some. Some have arrived.
such	of the type already mentioned	He was a foreigner and he felt that he was treated as such.

* Some people say that "none" should always take a singular verb, even when talking about countable nouns (eg five friends). They argue that "none" means "no one", and "one" is obviously singular. They say that "I invited five friends but none has come" is correct and "I invited five friends but none have come" is incorrect. Historically and grammatically there is little to support this view. "None" has been used for hundreds of years with both a singular and a plural verb, according to the context and the emphasis required.

Expressing Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction

Expressing satisfaction is an expression  for a feeling of happiness or pleasure because you have achieved something or got what you wanted.

Dissatisfaction expression is a feeling    we express when we do not get as   enough as we hope and feel disappointed with some conditions, we must be dissatisfied.


Example of informal expressing satisfaction and dissatisfaction :

Satisfaction    :

•Super!

•Great!

•Terrific!

•Fantastic!

•Smashing!

•Perfect

Dissatisfation :

•Horrible!

•Very sad!

•Annoying!

•Disappointing!

•Frustrating!

•How bad!

Formula of formal satisfaction expression :

1. … to be + very pleased with …

2. … to be + content with …

3. … to be + satisfied with …

4. … to be + very delighted …

Formula of formal satisfaction expression :

                     1. … to be + displeased with …

                     2. … to be + discontented with …

                     3. … to be + dissatisfied with …

                     4. … to be + disappointed with …

                     5. ... To be + not satisfied with…

EXAMPLES

Satisfaction :

•Robert  : How do you feel about this food?

•Terry  : Wow….. I am very satisfied. It’s very       delicious. Great!

•Robert   : Yes, I think so. Would you have anymore?

•Terry   : Yes, of course.

•Robert   : I will take some for my younger sister. She’ll      be very happy.

•Terry   : Yeah and I will take for my mom at home.

•Robert  : OK. Let’s go home. I never feel satisfied      before.

•Terry   : So am I.

Dissatisfaction :

•Paul   : Have you read today’s newspaper?

•James   : Not yet. Is it interesting?

•Paul   : Yes, the apology from the company. Take a      look. The paper is over there.

•James   : (Picking up the newspaper and starting to      read it) Is that all?

•Paul   : Yes.

•James   : This is not enough. I’m not satisfied yet. The size of the ads should have been half      of the page. Besides, the company only apologized but they didn’t mention what they would do.

Public Service Announcement and Posters

Definition: A public service announcement is an advertisement that a television or radio station airs for a cause or a charity. They can tout the importance of medical check-ups for children or ask you to donate to the Salvation Army's bellringers.

Public service announcements are not paid advertising. A broadcaster donates the ad time as part of its commitment to serve the public interest.

You'll typically see public service announcements airing during weaker time slots or on stations with less share of the advertising market than their competitors. Stations tend to use these announcements as fillers during commercial breaks.

Some stations make a decision to devote a certain number of ad slots to PSAs, particularly for a campaign that has local impact. In a city with a high teenage pregnancy rate, a Top 40 radio station that is top-ranked with a young audience could air announcements on abstinence or birth control throughout its broadcast day.

While stations have a government mandate to serve the public interest, they are under no requirement to run general PSAs. If a station has a paid commercial to run in a 30 second slot, that ad will get priority over a non-paid announcement.

Examples

10 Second PSA: WE COME FROM ALL WALKS OF LIFE, BUT WE TRAVEL DOWN THE SAME ROAD. LOOK FOR MOTORCYCLES & SHARE THE ROAD. THIS MESSAGE BROUGHT TO YOU BY ABATE of ARKANSAS, www.arkansasabate.org

15 Second PSA: DID YOU KNOW THAT 75% OF MULTIPLE VEHICLE ACCIDENTS INVOLVING MOTORCYCLES WERE THE FAULT OF THE OTHER PERSON? DON'T BE PART OF THAT DEADLY STATISTIC, LOOK FOR MOTORCYCLES & SHARE THE ROAD. THIS MESSAGE BROUGHT TO YOU BY ABATE of ARKANSAS, www.arkansasabate.org

20 Second PSA: APPROXIMATELY 75% OF THE MULTI-VEHICLE ACCIDENTS INVOLVING MOTORCYCLES WERE THE FAULT OF THE OTHER PERSON. MOST OF THOSE DRIVERS SAID THEY DID NOT SEE THE MOTORCYCLE. DON'T BE PART OF THAT DEADLY STATISTIC. LOOK FOR MOTORCYCLES & SHARE THE ROAD. THIS MESSAGE BROUGHT TO YOU BY ABATE of ARKANSAS, www.arkansasabate.org

30 Second PSA: DO YOU KNOW SOMEONE WHO RIDES A MOTORCYCLE? CHANCES ARE GOOD THAT YOU SEE MOTORCYCLE RIDERS WHEN YOU ARE BEHIND THE WHEEL. FOR THE REST OF YOU, YOUR CHANCES OF BEING THE PERSON WHO HITS A MOTORCYCLE RIDER JUST WENT UP 300%. THAT'S RIGHT, YOU ARE 3 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO HIT SOMEONE RIDING A MOTORCYCLE JUST BECAUSE YOU DON'T HAVE A RELATIONSHIP WITH SOMEONE WHO RIDES THEM. DON'T BE PART OF THAT DEADLY STATISTIC. LOOK FOR MOTORCYCLES & SHARE THE ROAD. THIS MESSAGE BROUGHT TO YOU BY ABATE of ARKANSAS.

definition 
a placard or intended for posting in a public place, as for adversiting.

example

Transitions: Moreover, Furthermore, In addition, Therefore, Consequently, etc

List of Transition Words

While you do not want your paper or other written piece to sound like a long string of transition words, consider adding some of these suggestions from our list of transition words when appropriate in order to spice up your work and to make the sections flow more smoothly from one to another.

What follows is a list of transition words which you might want to use in your writing from time to time. Note that some of them are phrases and not singular words.

• Therefore
• However
• Moreover
• Lastly
• Next
• Also
• Furthermore
• In addition to
• Similarly
• Likewise
• Accordingly
• Hence
• Consequently
• As a result
• Thereby
• Otherwise
• Subsequently
• Thus
• So then
• Wherefore
• Generally
• Usually
• For the most part
• As a rule
• Ordinarily
• Regularly
• In particular
• For instance
• Particularly
• Especially
• Such as
• Including
• Namely
• For example
• As an example
• In this case
• Above all
• Singularly
• Likewise
• Coupled with
• Compared to
• In comparison to
• Together with
• Besides
• In brief
• In short
• In conclusion
• In the meantime
• Soon
• Later
• In the meanwhile
• Afterward
• Earlier
• In summary
• To summarize
• Finally
• Before
• After
• By the way
• Incidentally
• As a result of
• Accidentally
• Here
• There
• Over there
• Opposite
• Under
• Beyond
• In the distance
• To the left
• To the right

Purpose of Transition Words

Transition words help a written piece to flow more smoothly. Within these types of words, your writing will become choppy. However, sometimes, when a writer is advised to use a new type of device in his or her writing, that person will tend to start sprinkling it in everywhere. Transition words should really fall very naturally throughout a composition.

Moreover

You can use “moreover” to replace “and in addition.” It normally begins the second independent clause in a sentence, following a semicolon.Moreover is a transition, so you use it to make something follow another.

Here’s an example with correct punctuation:

-The hairdresser had dyed his hair the wrong color; moreover, the hair turned green when she tried to correct the error.

Futhermore

You use furthermore to add more information to what was already said or written.Futhermore is transitions  part of the Academic Word List and almost always used at the beginning of a sentence.

Example:

We believe that the project is possible. Furthermore, we believe that we can do it within a few months.

In addition

In addition, additionally or also, joins two sentences (independent clauses.)  The word introduces additional information.  These words are often called transition words or conjunctive adverbs.  (Also tends to be less formal than in addition or additionally).

Examples:

-Anne and Alex act and sing.  In addition, they dance.

-She must dance gracefully.  In addition, she must dance precisely.

Therefore

Therefore - (used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result; it’s a conjunctive adverb (the term is not important!).

Examples:

-those people have their umbrellas up: therefore, it must be raining

-they heard the warning on the radio and therefore took another route

Consequently

“Consequently” is very similar to “so” and “therefore.” Like “therefore” it’s a conjunctive adverb (the term is not important!). It usually appears in the middle of sentence, but it may also be used at the beginning of sentence. If you know what the word “consequence” means, you shouldn’t have any trouble with this.

Examples:

-Hector decided not to use a map; consequently, he got lost and never found his way out of the forest. There he died.

Noun Clauses

Definition:

A dependent clause that functions as a noun (that is, as a subject,object, or complement) within a sentence. Also known as a nominal clause.

Two common types of noun clause in English are that-clauses andwh-clauses:

• that-clause: I believe that everything happens for a reason.


• wh-clause: How do I know what I think, until I seewhat I say?

Noun clause used as an object He said something. S V O He said that he was sick. Noun clause used as a subject Something is your business. S V Whatever you do is your business. Someone is still in the cafeteria. S V Whoever ate my lunch is still in the cafeteria.

What did he say? What is your business? Who is in the cafeteria?

The subordinator may take the "subject" or "object" position in a noun clause.

Note the usage of the following:

Henry loves Mary. (S V O) Mary loves Jim. (S V O) The person who(m) Lee loves is a secret. The person who loves Tim is a secret. Who(m) Henry loves is a secret. Who loves Tim is a secret.

Mary is the "object" of the sentence. Mary is the "subject" of the sentence. Relative clause (subordinator in obj. position) Relative clause (subordinator in subj. position) Noun clause (subordinator in obj. position) Noun clause (subordinator in subj. position)

Subordinators which are used in noun clauses:

(Some of these words are also used in Grammar: Relative Clauses and Grammar: Wh - Questions.)

that what who whoever whatever whether

which where when how why if

how much how many how long how far how often whose

Remember to preserve word order in noun clauses:

I don't know who he is.

Whoever she is is not important.

Whatever is in the box is a mystery.

Can you tell me what he is doing?

She doesn't undestand why he is leaving.

I wonder how much that costs.

Do you know how long it will take?